Modern IT trends

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulat data or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level "contain[s] some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications.

1. Open philosophies

Open development breaks the data center down into its lowest-level components, which fit together by open standards. Still, with less than 2% of enterprise applications designed for horizontal scaling, enterprise IT should avoid lifting legacy apps onto open infrastructure.
Instead, put new workloads on building-block infrastructure, and renegotiate your hardware contracts to get ready for more open-standard hardware and software.

2. Automation

This trend is nothing new, but the next five years will be transformative for IT automation, from opportunistic to systemic implementation.
The problem, however, is IT administrators love scripts. They love creating the best scripts, fiddling with scripts that come from colleagues, and leaving little documentation when they move on to another job. IT automation must evolve from scripting to deterministic (defined workloads for tasks) then to heuristic design (automation based on data fed in operations). There are banks today that use heuristic automation because they have all the hardware that you could want, Govekar said. But they lack the ability to automatically place workloads that best at any given moment.

3. Software-defined everything

Software-define means the control plane is abstracted from the hardware, and it's going on with every piece of equipment a data center can buy. Software-defined servers are established, software-defined networking is maturing and software-defined storage won't have much impact until at least 2017, Govekar said.
Don't approach software-defined-everything as a cost saving venture, because the real point is agility. Avoid vendor lock-in in this turbulent vendor space, and look for interoperable application programming interfaces that enable data-center-wide abstraction. Also, keep in mind that the legacy data center won't die without a fight.

4. Big data

Big data analysis is used in a number of ways to solve problems today. For example, police departments reduce crime without blanketing the city with patrol cars, by pinpointing likely crime hot spots at a given point in time based on real-time and historical data.
Build new data architectures to handle unstructured data and real-time input, which are disruptive changes today. The biggest inhibitor to enterprise IT adoption of big data analytics, however, isn't the data architecture; it's a lack of big data skills.

5. Internet of Everything 

Is IT in charge of the coffee pot? If it has an IP address and connects to the network, it might be.
Internet-connected device proliferation combined with big data analytics means that businesses can automate and refine their operations. It also means security takes on a whole new range of end points. In data center capacity management,Internet of Everything  means demand shaping and customer priority tiering, rather than simply buying more hardware.
Build a  data center that can change, don't build to last, Govekar said.

6. Webscale IT 

For better or worse, business leaders want to know why you can't do what Google, Facebook and Amazon do.
Conventional hardware and software are not built for web scale IT , which means this trend relies on software-defined everything and open philosophies like the Open Compute Project. It also relies on a major attitude adjustment  in IT where experimentation and failure are allowed.

7. Mobility

Your workforce is mobile. Your company's customers are mobile. Bring your own device has morphed into bring your own toys. The IT service desk can't fall behind this trend and risk giving IT a reputation of being out of touch.
Bring data segregation-- personal and business data and applications isolated from each other on the same device -- onto your technology road map  now.

8. Bimodal IT

No one's congratulating IT on keeping the lights on and the servers humming, no matter how difficult it can be.  Bimodal IT means maintaining traditional IT practices while simultaneously introducing innovative new processes -- safely.
Take the pace layering concept from application development and apply it to IT's roadmap, and find ways to get close to customers. Bimodal IT will make your team more diverse.

9. Business value dashboards

By 2017, the majority of infrastructure and operations teams will use dashboards to communicate with the outside world. Govekar made the analogy of the business-value dashboard vs. IT metrics to cruise ship reviews vs. cruise ship boiler calibration reports. They serve different purposes.
Evaluate business-value dashboards and complement them with IT staffers that speak the same language as your business stakeholders.

10. Organizational disruption

All the trends above feed shadow IT, where the business units steer around IT to gain agility.
Some IT teams are trying a new approach; rather than quash all shadow IT operations they find, these companies allow business users to set up shadow IT for projects and track the performance like a proof-of-concept trial. If the deployment succeeds, IT formally folds shadow IT into the organization.

Operating system

The operating system  (OS) is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications .
Computer operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard , sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices  such as printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop — it makes sure that different programs and users  running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security , ensuring that unauthorized users do not access  the system.

Classification of Operating systems

-  Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.

-  Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.

-  Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.

-  Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.

-  Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX are not real-time.

The three most popular types of operating systems for personal and business computing include Linux, Windows and Mac.

Linux Operating Systems

Linux is a freely distributed open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is based on Unix.

Mac Operating Systems

Mac OS is the official name of the Apple Macintosh operating system . Mac OS features a graphical user interface (GUI) that utilizes windows, icons, and all applications that run on a Macintosh computer have a similar user interface.

Windows Operating Systems

Microsoft windows is a family of operating systems for personal and business computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, offering a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices.

Networking

Networking

In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the network.

So you want to set up a computer network. Right here we have two of computers. What I need is something like this, A router has a bunch of ports in the back that I can connect to multiple computers. And it also works wireless. Now what the router is doing right now is giving both of the computers something called ip addresses which is their numbers on the network.

Network covers whole world. The all people used to network.

Collection of network devices connected the internet with optical fiber or wireless links. These devices are router, switch, hub and bridge. The router connects two or more network and forwards data packet between computer network

Hub is common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of LAN.

Switch is a smarter version of a hub and forwards each incoming data frame to the correct port.

Router connects two or more networks and forwards data based on logical address between computer.

Bridge is a connectivity device that forwards data based on a physical address.

Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire lobe.

 Some of the different networks based on size area:

PAN- Personal Area Network

LAN- local area network

MAN- metropolitan area network

WAN- wide area network

In terms of purpose many networks can be considered general purpose which means they are used for everything from sending files to a printer to accessing the internet.

            Topology is design of network virtual shape or structure.

There are basic types of topology.

-bus

-ring

-star

-tree

-mesh

We can understand topology is sketch of network and design theory of networks. But it is more suitable for bigger than small or home network.

Standard topologies gives you a better understanding of important concepts like hubs, broadcasts and routes.

Network troubleshooting

Many problems are easy to fix without help.

-reconnect any loose CAT-5 cable connections

-Check the router

- Investigate IP address issues

- Turn all equipment off for a full minute and then restart.

What effect does moving away from computers and towards tablets and smartphones have on how we browse the Internet?

What is computers and tablets and smartphones? Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The tablet form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a smartphone. A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such as an operating system, Web browsing and the ability to run software applications. Now compare the characteristics of this technologies.
Power:
-More powerful computing processors typically require greater amounts of power and cooling. Computers are equipped to provide these requirements for processors, thus being able to feature higher computing power overall.
-Smartphones are more compact and do not have the capability of providing the amount of power and cooling that more powerful processors require. They are limited to lower voltage processors, although processors of this type are becoming more advanced and powerful.
-Tablets are much more compact and cannot offer the same amount of processing power as a high-end computer.

Cost:
-Prices for a computer (desktop or laptop) can vary widely, depending on its capabilities, storage, and other features Prices can range from ₮400000 to 10000000
-Cell phones, specifically smartphones, can vary in price based on power and various features, but not as much as computers. Prices can be ₮10000 to ₮2000000 in most cases with a contract.
-Tablets can also vary in price based on power and various features, but not as much as computers. Prices can be ₮300000 to 1500000 in most cases, with a few models ranging up to $600 to $800.
Screen size:
-Desktop computers almost always have a screen sizes of at least 17" with support for a TV or projector. Laptops typically feature screen sizes up to 17".
-Smartphones, due to their smaller size, feature smaller screen sizes ranging from 2.5" to 4.8", with a few exceptions.
-Tablets, due to their more compact size, feature smaller screen sizes ranging from 5" to 10". However, most can still connect to an external display.
When we browse the internet usually use tablets and smartphones. The tablets and smartphones form factor is power, cost, screen size, portability, storage, connectivity, operating system, data entry and user input. These characteristics similar to a notebook computer.

A lot of people say about the effects of technology on communication. Do you agree or disgaree?

Technology such as email, Facebook, Twitter, My Space, YouTube, Instagram and many other sites are all amazing tools that have the intent to bring interconnectedness around the world. Everything has two sides, and the ‘effects of technology on people’s relationship’ is not an exception. In my opinion, technology has affected and transformed our life aspects and dealing with other people in a good way. Recently, we have different fast and cheap methods to call our family and friends. Moreover, some technologies are giving us chances to see and talk with them at the same time. In addition, we are informed on a daily basis with the last updates and news about our friends and family, so we can remember the birthdays, graduation parties and even marriage anniversary. Furthermore, these methods make it faster and easier to call and congratulate another individual. Human life has become more convenient, this provides people with more opportunity to spend their leisure time with their kin. For instance, with the Internet, we can shop and work from our dwelling house without going outside anymore. Secondly, travel around the globe has become usable and cheap. As a result, people visiting each other and spend a lot of time together hence more connected society emerges.That is positive side.  On the other hand, many people believe that technological aspects are affecting individual relationship badly. They opine that, if we did not have these kinds of technology, we would have been visiting each other regularly. Overall, as far as I am concerned, the advancement of technology has both positive and negative effects on the kind of relationships people make. We have to be aware that actual interaction is more important to enhance a relationship. We shall connect with family and friends virtually only if we are apart from them. (251)

People use computers when they work, go banking or everywhere, but some argue that it will make people isolated and decrease their social skills.

In my opinion computers have made life easier
Some people say that the invention of computers is one of the greatest humankind's inventions. However, other people think that computers make their life more stressful. I agree with those people who think that computers brought many benefits and play a very important role in our modern life. Computers have many advantages. Computer help you. For example effective communication and it makes our communication easier. The internet and e-mail save your time. We do not have to wait days and months to get a reply. Computers life more convenient everyday. Internet and computers increases our friends and colleagues. We can go banking, do online shopping by sitting at home. Computer refresh our knowledge. Many years ago people to wait for the next day to get newspaper. We get all updated news online. In my opinion computers two side. Computers have made our life more complex and stressful. The computer is dangerous for youngsters. Nowadays computers have a lot of games about war and zombies. Doctors think that games like these can change their mind to have negative impressions and thought. However computers make people happy, but on the positive side. Positive side is many. For example if you work on some documents, you can do lightly videos with computer helps. Next positive side is you can save some documents or pictures which are valuable for you. Music, movies, computer games and websites that we enjoy using a computer are meant to entertain us, not to increase our stress level. It has made around the world. For example, it is convenient to sit at home and do research on the internet with your computer. Your computer is open 24 hours a day, unlike a library or office. You can get the latest news right and get it more quickly and conveniently. This example makes it clear that it is possible to get almost any kind of information from anywhere. I believe near future by computers you can do almost everything. Computers are very important part of my life. (263)

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